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 Introduction
 Geography
 People
 Government
 Economy
 Communications
 Transportation
 Military
 Transnational Issues

This page was last updated on 18 January, 2007


Map of Sri Lanka



Legend: DefinitionDefinition Field ListingField Listing Rank OrderRank Order
   Introduction    Sri Lanka Top of Page
Background:
Definition Field Listing
The Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced beginning in about the mid-third century B.C., and a great civilization developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty seized power in the north and established a Tamil kingdom. Occupied by the Portuguese in the 16th century and by the Dutch in the 17th century, the island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in 1983. Tens of thousands have died in the ethnic conflict that continues to fester. After two decades of fighting, the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) formalized a cease-fire in February 2002, with Norway brokering peace negotiations. Violence between the LTTE and government forces intensified in 2006, but neither side has formally withdrawn from the cease-fire.
   Geography    Sri Lanka Top of Page
Location:
Definition Field Listing
Southern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of India
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing
7 00 N, 81 00 E
Map references:
Definition Field Listing
Asia
Area:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 65,610 sq km
land: 64,740 sq km
water: 870 sq km
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing
slightly larger than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing
0 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing
1,340 km
Maritime claims:
Definition Field Listing
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate:
Definition Field Listing
tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing
mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing
limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower
Land use:
Definition Field Listing
arable land: 13.96%
permanent crops: 15.24%
other: 70.8% (2005)
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing
7,430 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:
Definition Field Listing
occasional cyclones and tornadoes
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing
deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from mining activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste disposal; air pollution in Colombo
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing
strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes
   People    Sri Lanka Top of Page
Population:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
20,222,240
note: since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and armed Tamil separatists in the mid-1980s, several hundred thousand Tamil civilians have fled the island and more than 200,000 Tamils have sought refuge in the West (July 2006 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing
0-14 years: 24.1% (male 2,488,689/female 2,379,233)
15-64 years: 68.6% (male 6,727,399/female 7,140,751)
65 years and over: 7.3% (male 687,842/female 798,326) (2006 est.)
Median age:
Definition Field Listing
total: 29.8 years
male: 28.7 years
female: 30.9 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
0.78% (2006 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
15.51 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing
-1.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 13.97 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 15.18 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total population: 73.41 years
male: 70.83 years
female: 76.12 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.84 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3,500 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
less than 200 (2003 est.)
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing
noun: Sri Lankan(s)
adjective: Sri Lankan
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing
Sinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%, Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 census provisional data)
Religions:
Definition Field Listing
Buddhist 69.1%, Muslim 7.6%, Hindu 7.1%, Christian 6.2%, unspecified 10% (2001 census provisional data)
Languages:
Definition Field Listing
Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8%
note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.3%
male: 94.8%
female: 90% (2003 est.)
   Government    Sri Lanka Top of Page
Country name:
Definition Field Listing
conventional long form: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
conventional short form: Sri Lanka
local long form: Shri Lamka Prajatantrika Samajaya di Janarajaya/Ilankai Jananayaka Choshalichak Kutiyarachu
local short form: Shri Lamka/Ilankai
former: Serendib, Ceylon
Government type:
Definition Field Listing
republic
Capital:
Definition Field Listing
name: Colombo
geographic coordinates: 6 56 N, 79 51 E
time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
note: Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital)
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing
8 provinces; Central, North Central, North Eastern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western
note: in 1998 the Government of Sri Lanka proposed a merger of the former Northern and Eastern provinces; while this merger was never ratified, the Government treats North Eastern Province as a de facto singular administrative unit
Independence:
Definition Field Listing
4 February 1948 (from UK)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing
Independence Day, 4 February (1948)
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing
adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing
a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing
chief of state: President Mahinda RAJAPAKSE (since 19 November 2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; Ratnasiri WICKREMANAYAKE (since 21 November 2005) holds the ceremonial title of prime minister
head of government: President Mahinda RAJAPAKSE (since 19 November 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 17 November 2005 (next to be held 2011)
election results: Mahinda RAJAPAKSE elected president; percent of vote - Mahinda RAJAPAKSE 50.3%, Ranil WICKREMESINGHE 48.4%, other 1.3%
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing
unicameral Parliament (225 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of a modified proportional representation system by district to serve six-year terms)
elections: last held 2 April 2004 (next to be held by 2010)
election results: percent of vote by party or electoral alliance - SLFP and JVP (no longer in formal UPFA alliance) 45.6%, UNP 37.83%, TNA 6.84%, JHU 5.97%, SLMC 2.02%, UPF 0.54%, EPDP 0.27%, others 0.93%; seats by party - UNP 68, SLFP 57, JVP 39, UNP dissident 1, TNA 22, CWC 8, JHU 7, JHU dissidents 2, SLMC 6, SLMC dissidents 4, Communist Party 2, LSSP 2, MEP 2, NUA 2, UPF 2, EPDP 1
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing
Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; judges for both courts are appointed by the president
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [KUMARGURUPARAM]; Ceylon Workers Congress or CWC [Arumugam THONDAMAN]; Communist Party or CP [D. GUNASEKERA]; Democratic United National (Lalith) Front or DUNLF [Shrimani ATULATHMUDALI]; Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP [Douglas DEVANANDA]; Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front or EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRAN]; Janatha Vimukthi Perumuna or JVP [Somawansa AMARASINGHE]; Lanka Sama Samaja Party or LSSP; Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front) or MEP [D. GUNAWARDENE]; National Heritage Party or JHU [Tilak KARUNARATNE]; National Unity Alliance or NUA [Ferial ASHRAFF]; People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [D. SIDHARTHAN]; Sihala Urumaya or SU; Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM]; Sri Lanka Progressive Front or SLPF [P. Nelson PERERA]; Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization or TELO [SABARATNAM]; Tamil National Alliance or TNA [R. SAMPANTHAN]; Tamil United Liberation Front or TULF [V. ANANDASANGAREE]; United National Party or UNP [Ranil WICKREMASINGHE]; Up-country People's Front or UPF [P. CHANDRASEKARAN]; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties, represented in either Parliament or provincial councils
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
Buddhist clergy; labor unions; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or LTTE [Velupillai PRABHAKARAN](insurgent group fighting for a separate state); radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement Against Terrorism; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing
AsDB, BIMSTEC, C, CP, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Bernard GOONETILLEKE
chancery: 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-4025 (through 4028)
FAX: [1] (202) 232-7181
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles
consulate(s): New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Robert O. BLAKE, Jr.
embassy: 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3
mailing address: P. O. Box 106, Colombo
telephone: [94] (11) 249-8500
FAX: [94] (11) 243-7345
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing
yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels
   Economy    Sri Lanka Top of Page
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing
In 1977, Colombo abandoned statist economic policies and its import substitution trade policy for market-oriented policies and export-oriented trade. Sri Lanka's most dynamic sectors now are food processing, textiles and apparel, food and beverages, telecommunications, and insurance and banking. In 2003, plantation crops made up only 15% of exports (compared with 93% in 1970), while textiles and garments accounted for 63%. GDP grew at an average annual rate of about 5.5% in the 1990s, but 2001 saw the first contraction in the country's history, by 1.4%, due to a combination of power shortages, severe budgetary problems, the global slowdown, and continuing civil strife. Growth recovered to 5% between 2002 and 2006. About 800,000 Sri Lankans work abroad, 90% in the Middle East. They send home about $1 billion a year. The struggle by the Tamil Tigers of the north and east for a largely independent homeland continues to cast a shadow over the economy. In late December 2004, a major tsunami took about 31,000 lives, left more than 6,300 missing and 443,000 displaced, and destroyed an estimated $1.5 billion worth of property.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$93.33 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
Definition Field Listing
$23.52 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
6.3% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$4,600 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 17.3%
industry: 27.3%
services: 55.3% (2006 est.)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
8.214 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 38%
industry: 17%
services: 45% (1998 est.)
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
7.6% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing
22% (1997 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing
lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 28% (1995)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
Definition Field Listing
34.4 (1995)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
12.1% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
28.2% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:
Definition Field Listing
revenues: $4.762 billion
expenditures: $7.095 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.)
Public debt:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
90.6% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing
rice, sugarcane, grains, pulses, oilseed, spices, tea, rubber, coconuts; milk, eggs, hides, beef; fish
Industries:
Definition Field Listing
processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
7.1% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
7.714 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
7.174 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing
0 kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing
0 kWh (2004)
Oil - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
80,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA bbl/day (2001)
Oil - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
NA bbl/day (2001)
Natural gas - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0 cu m (2004 est.)
Current account balance:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$-1.118 billion (2006 est.)
Exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$7.076 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
textiles and apparel, tea and spices; diamonds, emeralds, rubies; coconut products, rubber manufactures, fish
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
US 31.1%, UK 12.2%, India 8.9%, Germany 4.3% (2005)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$9.655 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
textile fabrics, mineral products, petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and transportation equipment
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
India 20.7%, Singapore 8.3%, Hong Kong 7.3%, China 7.1%, Iran 5.9%, Malaysia 4.4%, Japan 4.3% (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$2.81 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$12.23 billion (2006 est.)
Economic aid - recipient:
Definition Field Listing
$577 million (1998)
Currency (code):
Definition Field Listing
Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing
Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 102.987 (2006), 100.498 (2005), 101.194 (2004), 96.521 (2003), 95.662 (2002)
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing
calendar year
   Communications    Sri Lanka Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.244 million (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.362 million (2005)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing
general assessment: very inadequate domestic service, particularly in rural areas; likely improvement with privatization of national telephone company and encouragement to private investment; good international service (1999)
domestic: national trunk network consists mostly of digital microwave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area and two fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition is strong in mobile cellular systems; telephone density remains low (1999)
international: country code - 94; submarine cables to Indonesia and Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (1999)
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
AM 26, FM 45, shortwave 1 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
21 (1997)
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing
.lk
Internet hosts:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
6,526 (2006)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
280,000 (2005)
   Transportation    Sri Lanka Top of Page
Airports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
16 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 14
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 7 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2006)
Railways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 1,449 km
broad gauge: 1,449 km 1.676-m gauge (2005)
Roadways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 97,287 km
paved: 78,802 km
unpaved: 18,485 km (2003)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
160 km (primarily on rivers in southwest) (2005)
Merchant marine:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 22 ships (1000 GRT or over) 144,066 GRT/196,418 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 17, container 2, petroleum tanker 2
foreign-owned: 7 (Germany 5, UAE 2)
registered in other countries: 5 (Panama 5) (2006)
Ports and terminals:
Definition Field Listing
Colombo, Galle
   Military    Sri Lanka Top of Page
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing
Sri Lankan Army, Sri Lankan Navy, Sri Lankan Air Force (2006)
Military service age and obligation:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)
Manpower available for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 4,933,217
females age 18-49: 5,153,597 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 3,789,627
females age 18-49: 4,281,043 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 174,049
females age 18-49: 167,201 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.6% (2005 est.)
   Transnational Issues    Sri Lanka Top of Page
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing
none
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
Definition Field Listing
IDPs: 353,000 (both Tamils and non-Tamils displaced due to Tamil conflict); 450,000 (resulting from 2004 tsunami) (2005)

This page was last updated on 18 January, 2007


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