People's Republic of China (CHINA)
The People's Republic of China
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People's Republic of China (CHINA) |
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The People's Republic of China is located east Asia, Pacific Ocean West bank. The on land and North Korea, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Laos, Nepal, the Sikkim, Bhutan, Burma, Vietnam are the neighbour, separates country and so on, and see to Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia faces one another. |
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| Geography | Returns to the page head |
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The area 9.6 million square kilometers, are the Asian territory area biggest countries, in the world multitudinous country, is only inferior to Russia and Canada, occupies the world third. North the Chinese territory Mohe River by the northern Heilongjiang middle of a river, south to Nansha Islands' zengmu reef, the north and south is distanced 5,500 kilometers; East gets up Heilongjiang and Wusuli River convergence place. West to the Pamirs, the thing is distanced 5,200 kilometers. Land boundary long approximately 22,800 kilometers. Mainland China eastern part and south borders on Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and the South China Sea. Sea area area approximately 4.73 million square kilometers. Islands 5,400, the islands total area is 38,700 square kilometers. China sea waterfront total length 32,000 kilometers, continental sea waterfront 18,000 kilometers, islands coastline 14,000 kilometers. West the Chinese topography Gao Dongdi assumes the steps and ladders shape to drop by the level. The highest level of steps and ladders are the Qinghai-Tibet Plain, above the average elevation 4,000 meters, is known as "the roof of the world". The second level of steps and ladders by inner Mongolian plain, the loess plateau, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Tarim basin, accurate Ge you the basin, the sichuan pendi constitute, average elevation 1,000 meters to 2,000 meters. From Daxinanling, Mount Taihang, Wushan and the snowy peak piedmont to the east to the coastline, the topography drop to the elevation 500 to 1,000 meters for the third level of steps and ladders. The fourth level of steps and ladders are the Chinese continental shelf shallow sea area, the water depth equally not to 200 meters. The national each kind of terrain percentage is: The mountainous region accounts for 33%, the plateau accounts for 26%, the knoll accounts for 10%, the basin accounts for 19%, the plain accounts for 12%.
Chinese landform 晕渲 chart Southwest is famous "the roof of the world" - Qinghai-Tibet Plain, the edge is the world biggest sierra - Himalaya Mountains, Mount Everest is the world first peak, the elevation 8,848 meters. Within the boundaries also has the Altay, Tianshan, Kunlun Mountain, Daxinanling, Changbaishang mountain and so on the main sierra; Has Qinghai and Xizang, the loess, Yunnan and Kweichow, the Inner Mongolian four big plateaus; Northeast, North China, middle and lower reaches Yangtze River and so on three great plains. Yangtze River is the Chinese first river, the world third river, the span 6,300 kilometers. The Beijing Hangzhou canal long 1,801 kilometers, are in the world the longest canal. The offshore islands are more, the Island of Taiwan is the biggest islands, next is Hainan Island. A bigger lake has Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Tai Lake and so on. Lake Qinghai is biggest salty Shui Hu.
Chinese satellite picture |
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| Climate | Returns to the page head |
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The weather pattern complex is diverse, the majority of areas are located the North temperate zone and the subtropics, is the continental monsoon climatic region. The majority of local four seasons are distinct, winter cold Xia Re. Because vast in territory, terrain complex, the elevation difference is disparate, thus has the many and varied weather pattern. Our country temperate zone by the southing north is in turn the tropics, the subtropics, warm belt, center temperate zone, cold warm belt, in addition also has a Qinghai-Tibet Plain vertical temperate zone. The Chinese most north Heilongjiang Province Mohe River area, is located the north latitude 53° by the north, is the cold temperate climate, but most south Hainan Province zengmu reef is apart from the equator only to have 400 kilometers, is the equatorial climate, the north and south each place temperature difference is extremely disparate. Winter, Chinese general areas great distance ice-bound, Wan Lixue flutters, Mohe River area in January average temperature -30 ?about, but the this time Hainan Sanya's average temperature actually surpasses 20 ? Our country winter temperature characteristic is the majority of local winter cold, the north and south temperature difference is big. Summer, as a result of this time sunlight perpendicular incidence in Northern Hemisphere, north the daytime quite is long, the light which obtains hotly differs with the south slightly, therefore, besides the topography specially high Qinghai-Tibet Plain, the national universal high temperature, the north and south temperature difference is not big. The Chinese majority of areas the sea warm wet air current influence, the precipitation quite are been rich, but the precipitation has the local distribution and the time assignment non-uniformity. Eastern part many, west few, to northwest gradually decreases by the southeast, and, concentrates in the summer, south rainy season long, concentrates in 5-10 month, north the rainy season is short, concentrates in July, in August. The precipitation has the year many, has year few, the year border change is very big. The Chinese major part area is situated at the Tropic of Cancer by the north, the winter sun incidence angle slightly, sunshine time short, obtains sunlight heat less, moreover are less toward North Vietnam; Summer sunlight perpendicular incidence in Northern Hemisphere, thus obtains the light hot generally increases, also the sunshine time is long. |
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| Resources | Returns to the page head |
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The nation altogether has the cultivated area 130.04 million hectares, the open land area 108 million hectares, the forestry uses the area 263.29 million hectares, the lawn area 400 million hectares, the wooded area 158.94 million hectares, forest cover rate to reach 16.55%, the forest always stores up the quantity 12.49 billion cubic meters. The water resources total quantity 2686800000000 cubic meters, the hydro-electric resources ?reserves 676 million kilowatts, potential quantity is 379 million kilowatts. Mineral resource type many, distributed broad, the reserves is big. The coal, the petroleum, the iron, the copper, the aluminum, the tungsten and so on the main mineral deposit occupies the world front row.
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| Political area | Returns to the page head |
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China implements the administrative area delimits,
basically is the province, the city (county), the township (town)
three level of organicity, upper level of leaders next level.
Until for 2002 year's end, altogether has the provincial level
unit to altogether have 34, 23 provinces, 4 municipalities, 5
autonomous regions, 2 special administrative regions. The level
administrative area delimits unit 332, 275 for place level city.
County level administrative area delimits unit 2,860, county
level city 381, municipal district 830. Altogether has 20,606
towns, 18,593 townships, ethnic township 1,167. The city
altogether has subdistrict office 5,575.
Center state policy area chart |
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| History | Returns to the page head |
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The Chinese history culture is glorious, is one of
world ancient nations. Has more than 5,000 years history, has
experienced the primitive society, the slave society, starts from 475
B.C. Warring States time to enter the feudal society. After in
1840 the Opium War gradually degenerated into the semifeudal and
semicolonial country. In 1911 Sun Yat-Sen led 1911 Revolution,
has overthrown the feudal monarchy at one fell swoop. In 1919
"54 movements" symbolized the New Democratic Revolution stage start.
In 1921 the Communist Party of China had been established, has
established the People's Republic of China to 1949 October 1.
National Day is on October 1.
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| Population | Returns to the page head |
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In 2005 the population 1.3 billion, accounts for
the world population 6.4 billion 1/5, is in the world population most
countries. Among them, the urban population 502.12 million
people, account for 37.7%; The rural population 782.41 million
people, account for 62.3%. Whole year only increases the
population 8.26 million people, the natural rate of growth is 6.95
? The population density is 130 person of/square kilometers.
Altogether has 56 nationalities, the Han Nationality accounts
for the national population 92%. General Chinese. The
freedom of religious belief, generally believes in Buddhism, the
Taoism, the Islamism, Christianity and so on.
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| Economy | Returns to the page head |
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The industrial development is rapid. Has been through repeatedly for more than 50 years the constructions, already was has the quite complete industrial system and the national economic system preliminary prosperous socialist countries. The industry class is complete, the system integrity, has each kind of modernized the industry. The main department has mining, the metallurgy, the electric power, the electron, the automobile, the spinning and weaving, the machine manufacture, the chemical industry, the light industry and so on. The agriculture occupies the dominant position in the national economy. The posts and telecommunications correspondence industry development is rapid. In 2003, our country increases the telephone subscriber1.12 hundred million households, the user total has amounted to 5.32 hundred million households, occupies the world first place. Fixed telephone increases 4,900 ten thousand households, amounts to 2.63 hundred million households; The mobile phone increases 6,300 ten thousand households, amounts to 2.69 hundred million households. The fixed telephone master line popular rate and the mobile phone popular rate respectively reaches 20.5% and 20.8%, makes the telephone the administrative village proportion to reach 89.2%. In 2003 the GDP 11669.4 billion Yuan, are equal to 1400 billion US dollars, average per person 1,090 US dollars, year economic growth rate about 8%. In 2004 GDP amounts to 13651.5 billion Yuan, grew 9.5% compared to the last year. In 2004 China official announces gross national product 1551.3 billion US dollars Whole year the grain ultimate output amounts to 469.5 billion kilograms, increased production 38.8 billion kilograms compared to the last year, grew 9.0%; Whole year the cities inhabitant average per person may control receives 942.2 billion Yuan, actual grew 7.7% compared to the last year, the farmer average per person net income amounts to 293.6 billion Yuan, actually grew 6.8%. Mainly exports the petroleum, the coal, the grain, the vegetable oil, the cotton fabric and each industry product and so on. Main import machinery transport vehicle, steel products, chemical fertilizer, rubber, paper, chemical product and so on. In 2003 foreign trade total amount approximately 851.21 billion US dollars, grows 37.1%. China's rises in world trade place from 2002 fifth to fourth. In 2004, the China imports and exports total achieved 1154.7 billion US dollars, grew 35. 7% compared to the last year, became the world third big trade country. China exports total 593.4 billion US dollars, grows 35. 4%, imports total 561.4 billion US dollars, grows 36%, whole year the trade surplus is 32 billion US dollars, expanded 6.5 billion US dollars compared to the last year. Whole year actual use foreign merchant direct investment 60.6 billion US dollars, grow 13. 3%. To 2004 year's end, the Chinese country foreign exchange reserve is 609.9 billion US dollars, increased 206.7 billion US dollars compared to the last year.
In 2006 China GDP is over US$2,500 billion. In 2004 national various cities average per person GDP place The current money is a Renminbi. |
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| Military | Returns to the page head |
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Military expenses expenditure National defense system The People's Republic of China armed forces by the Chinese
People's Liberation Army, the Chinese people armed police army and the
militiaman three parts are composed. People's Liberation Army is
armed forces' main constituent; The armed police is the armed
force which shoulders the domestic tasks for maintenance of security;
The militiaman is People's Liberation Army's assistants and the
reserve strength. The implementation compulsory military service system
unifies the military service system for the main body soldier
performing obligatory service and the volunteer soldier which, the
militiaman and the reserve duty unifies. The active duty soldier
is composed by the soldier performing obligatory service and the
volunteer soldier, the army length of service is 3 years, the sea, the
spatial military uniform throws the deadline is 4 years, army may the
extended active duty l 12 years, the sea, the air force be possible
the extended active duty 1 year. Volunteer soldier including
sergeant and first sergeant, its length of service after service of 5 years
active duty, from changes date of the volunteer soldier to take again
in 8112. The military officer serves the maximum age
respectively is: Row of level 30 year old, continually level 35
year old, camp level 40 year old, group level 45 year old, teacher
level 50 year old, army corps level 55 year old, greater military area
deputy 63 year old, military region regular duty 65 years old. The China armed forces total is 2.5 million people.
The Chinese People's Liberation Army total military strength
approximately is 2.225 million people, army 1.6 million people, the
navy 255,000 people, the air force 400,000 people, are the world
hugest armies. Looked from its deployment primary armament
system quantity that, China has in the world one of scale biggest
military forces. But, Chinese huge arsenal no matter from the
service life or from the technical level said already extremely was
all obsolete. Many from the 50's, the 60's and the 70's starts
the armament system which serves until now also during the use, and
these armament systems use all or for the 50's the technology which
introduces from Soviet Union. China is realizing the
conventional military force modernization, the modern weapon starts to
join active duty, but is opposite to the obsolete armed forces'
overall scale says, its speed is quite low. After future ten
years development, after all old style weapons all completely retire,
China's conventional military force scale possibly will be able to
have large scale reducing. Army Since 1994, the Chinese army has carried on a series of strategic transformation. Most noticeable is in the history most large-scale sets up the quick reaction force and the enhancement urgent disposition army's ability. Other key projects are strengthen the airborne troops to construct, the increase group army mobility and armoured. Nearly each group army compounds a Russia type establishment the tank division (equipment to have 322 tanks), in order to further strengthens the tank division the high-speed maneuverability, in each tank division Canada has arranged a tank transport group. The People's Liberation Army army also strengthened the air support ability. After 90's, above in the teacher level exercise, bombing the important component which the attack airplane firepower the combat teamwork is develops teaches. After 1993, provides the topographical identification radar to annihilate the bang -7, installs the omnidirectional radar warning system strong 5C, annihilates 8 II to change the attack airplane frequent participation to train and to exercise, army's minimum altitude/low altitude (100-500 meter) the attack capability multiplies. At the same time, 500 pounds laser guided bomb also puts into the use, sharpened the bombing on pinpoint ability. In view of possibly comes from the airborne attack, from 1992, China has successively introduced "2s6m", "Tor-m1", "s-300pmu1", "s-300v" and so on the air defense missile system, passes through repeatedly tests and the exercise operation proof, the new generation of ground-to-air missile system total war strength achieves even the leading world advanced level. Among them, 2s6m (Tunguska) still did not have the match in the western nation; But the s-300v performance surpasses Taiwan to purchase "the patriot" pac2+, is entire air zone air defense/antimissile weapons system which one kind reliable also is worth trusting. In addition, China with the Russia side cooperative production, is developing the new generation of Red Flag series air defense missile system. The army modernization another important action is establishes the Army aviation forces, the strengthening quick reaction capability. The 90's key group armies exercise, has the Army aviation forces or the air force transportation group's helicopter participation. Since 1980, China successively has spent 1.2 billion US dollars, imported approximately 150 helicopters, including "black hawk", "aerospatiale 341/342 gazelle" and so on. At the same time, to 1980, but also has produced 545 straight -5 (rice -4), but also has about 100 straight -9, 20 straight -8 successively equips the key group army. Estimated China cuts off to 2000 tank quantity is
approximately 7, 000. Navy The North Sea fleet headquarters are located the Shandong Qingdao, is responsible to have jurisdiction faces the boundary the Yalu River mouth to the Jiangsu Province Lienyungang's region; The East China Sea Fleet headquarters are located the Zhejiang Ningbo, is responsible to have jurisdiction from the Jiangsu Province Lienyungang to the Fujian Shao's peaceful region; The South China Sea fleet headquarters are located the Guangdong Zhanjiang, is responsible to have jurisdiction from Fujian Shao arrives safely the Chinse and Vietnamese boundary Beilun River mouth region. At present the mainland navy's main combat ship includes: 2 "modern age" level, 2 "travel sea" level, 2 "travel Shanghai" level and 15 "Lyuda" level guided-missile destroyer; 10 "river health" level and 31 "rivers and lakes" level guided missile escort ship; 1 "summer" level ballistic missile nuclear-powered submarine and 5 "Chinese" level attack nuclear-powered submarine; 4 "Kilo" the level, 2 "Song" the level, 10 "bright" the level, 8 "are bright" level advanced version, 1 C level, 1 R level advanced version, 61 R level and so on the nearly 90 conventional submarines; 25 tank landing ships. In addition also has 2 "Fuqing" the level and 3 "greatly transports" the level comprehensive supplies ship; 3 "big river" level and 1 "east Shanghai" level submarine rescue ship; In 1 water weapon experiment depot ship; 1 "Zheng He" level and 1 "world prosperous" level training ship; 4 "far look" the level surveying ship; 3 informations ships; Dozens of oceanography investigation ship and so on. Has ordered 2 modern levels guided-missile destroyer and 6 Kilo levels nuclear-armed missiles submarine to Russia.
Deployment in North Sea fleet: "Travel Shanghai" the
level guided-missile destroyer, "the summer" the level ballistic
missile nuclear-powered submarine, 5 "the Chinese" the level attack
nuclear-powered submarine, its main strategic target is took the
counter- system and defends country's the and so on America, date, Han
threat in force, also is the Chinese navy nucleus frightens anti- and
the retaliation strategic army But amphibious, the rear service, and naval vessel and so on science investigation actually is the mainland navy develops the open sea combat important composition military strength, because to the synthesis rear service military supplies ability is relating the open sea operational capacity maintenance from the geography hydrology environment investigation. Therefore, is positive from the mainland navy entire constructs East China Sea and the South China Sea two fleets motions looked, both banks question and the South China Sea sovereignty actually are the Chinese present stage most important strategic target, but from positively develops the large-scale combat and the rear service naval vessel plans looked that, will break through the Pacific Ocean first and the second island chain blockade will be the mainland navy in 2,020 to 2050 center, forward strategic item.
Submarine
Deployment in South China Sea fleet: 30 submarines, Hainan
Province City of Sanya 11 submarines: A 093 "business" level, 2
"Kilo" level, 2 "Song"ji, 6 "Ming"ji. China's voluntarily development "Song", "the Yuan" and so on the conventional rank submarine already realized "three balls to board the ship", the antiaircraft missile was worth paying attention in particular. The nuclear-powered submarine was another investment black hole, the might astonishing "094" the ultra-long-range missile nuclear-powered submarine already the secret carries on the sea to try many times. It is said that the new nuclear-powered submarine must construct 10, 093 and 094 proportions are 6: 4, completes such plan, will be China forms in the true significance the second nucleus attack ability. The surface vessel aspect, "Shenzhen" the level destroyer already paid the use, was constructing on the berth also has 4 destroyers, 3 or 4 escort ships, 3 or 4 submarines (other also had at least 2 newest nuclear-powered submarines). In the service destroyer, the escort ship already had surpassed 20 reequipment to finish, had the enormous enhancement in the electronic warfare ability aspect. Surface battleship
China constructs the newest destroyer is 6,000 tons "the
travel ocean" the level. This level first year's end serves in
1999. Amphibious battleship
Supports the supplies ship "South warehouse" supplies ship:
Training experiment ship Air force Missile forces and strategic nuclear power
China has also deployed three kinds medium to long-range
and the intermediate range ballistic missile. These missiles
sufficiently to such as Asian country and so on the Japan and India
form the strategic deterrent, but the threat which constitutes
regarding Russia wants small somewhat, poses the threat to US then
mainly is it in Japanese and South Korea's vulnerable foreign base. Arouses the international interest also to have the China cruise missile the development, at present has two travel equipments cruise missile, these 2 travel also are China "the seed army". China had all achieved in cruise missile nearly all technologies the use level, restricts its equipment army is only the satellite navigation technology. China reposes the hope in "Galileo" on, has paid 800 million US dollars for this them, and prepares to pay many. But China plans "the dubhe 2" possibly to take "Galileo" spare. The missile raised the special warhead - neutron bomb, the nuclear electromagnetism spoke projectile and so on "the clean nuclear bomb" already was the Chinese strategist "the Assassin's mace". China potential enemy facing such question: "Whether had the determination to cope with Chinese with the nucleus deconstruction the tactical nucleus attack" the DF31 land base mobile ultra-long-range missile already to serve, estimated had 3 travel, in addition equipped the DF5 liquid intercontinental missile 6 travel which the launching silo launched, China may threaten American the intercontinental missile army to have 9 travel, more than 100 launching devices. At the same time, in 2004 year's end, DF41 (also possibly is DF31A) the land base mobile intercontinental missile started to undertake combat readiness duty, ahead of time has equipped 2 travel. DF41 firing distance in 12000-14000 kilometer, moreover has the bait many kinds of, machine the fluctuation axle and so on instead destroys the countermeasure, estimated DF41 completely will replace old style DF5. |
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| Transportation | |
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The nation has completed transportation network and so on the railroad, road, water transportation, aviation. Since the reform and open policy, our country highway construction enterprise has obtained the huge achievement. In 2002 the national railroad business course amounts to 71,900 kilometers, the passenger transport rate reaches 1.05606 billion people, the transported goods volume amounts to 2.04246 billion tons. The national road total quantity and the technical structure has had very sweeping change, is rapid take the highway as representative's first-class highway development, county township road fast growth. To 2002 year's end, the national road total course has amounted to 1.7652 million kilometers, highway 25,100 kilometers, road density 17.5 kilometers/hundred square kilometers. The national civil automobile reaches 20.53 million, private car 9.69 million. Until for 2002 year's end, the Chinese public net fixed telephone company with the telephone switchboard capacity achieved 284 million, the fixed telephone user amounts to 214 million households; The mobile phone user amounts to 210 million households; The national always telephone popular rate achieves 33.7%, the mobile phone popular rate achieves 16.19%; The fixed telephone and the mobile phone user scale occupies the second in the world. |
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| Traveling | Returns to the page head |
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The tourism develops rapidly, the scenic spot
historical site is multitudinous, Taishan, Huangshan Mountain, the
Great Wall, the Beijing Imperial Palace, the Dunhuang Mogao Caves, the
Chin Shihhuang mausoleum burial figures of warriors and horses, Mount
Lushan and so on have been included the world culture inheritance. |
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| City | Returns to the page head |
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Capital Beijing. The main cities are Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Xi'an, Nanjing, Hong Kong and so on |
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| Correlation link | Returns to the page head |
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