§ 4 Number Theoretical Functions

 

    A function f ( n ) that has a definite value for any positive integer n is called a number-theoretic function .

    [ Integral function and complete integral function ]   If ( m, n ) = 1, there is f ( mn ) = f ( m ) f ( n ), then the number -theoretic function f ( n ) is called an integral function . If for any Positive integers m and n both have f ( mn ) = f ( m ) f ( n ), then f ( n ) is called a completely integral function .

    The integral function has the following properties :

    1 ° If f ( n ) is a non-zero integral function , then f (1)=1 . 

    2 ° If both g ( n ) and h ( n ) are integral functions , then g ( n ) h ( n ) are still integral functions . And 

is also an integral function , where å is the sum over all the different factors d of n .

    3 ° If ​​g ( n ) is a non-zero integral function , and , then 

is also an integral function .

    4 ° If f ( n ) is an integral function , then 

f ([ m,n ]) f (( m,n ))= f ( m ) f ( n )

where ( m, n ) is the greatest common factor of m and n , and [ m, n ] is the least common multiple of m and n .

    [ Mobius function ]   function

called the Mobius function .

  The Mobius function has the following properties :

    1 ° 

    2 ° μ ( n ) is an integral function , but not a completely integral function . 

    3 ° Let , if f ( n ) is an integral function , then 

is also an integral function . For example

    [ Eulerian function ]   Let n be a natural number , and ( n ) be the number of positive integers not exceeding n and co -prime to n , called Euler function .

    The Euler function has the following properties :

    1 ° ( n ) is an integral function , but not a fully integral function .   

    2 ° If , then 

In particular , when p is a prime number ,

    3 ° 

    4 ° 

    [ Divisor function ] The number of all factors of the   natural number n is called the divisor function , denoted as d ( n ). The divisor function has the following properties :

    1 ° d ( n ) is an integral function , but it is not a completely integral function . For any natural numbers m, n , there is often 

    2 ° If , then 

    [ Von Mangoth function ]   function

L ( n )

is called the von Mangoth function . L ( n ) nonintegral function .

    [ Mobius inversion formula and Mobius transformation ]

    Once the 1 ° inversion formula is set , let h ( k ) be a non-zero complete integral function . If for all suitable h there is always   

Then for the above h also often have

The opposite is true .

    Let H ( k ) be a non - zero completely integral function . If for all suitable x we ​​have   

Then for the above x also often have

The opposite is true .

    3 ° Inversion formula 3 is set as , and h ( k ) is set as a non-zero completely integral function . If for all constant   

Then for the above n also often have

The opposite is true .

    4 ° Mobius transform Let n be a positive integer , if   

but

g ( n ) is called the Mobius transform of f ( n ) , and f ( n ) is called the inverse Mobius transform of g ( n ) .

    5 ° product Mobius transform Let n be a positive integer , if   

but                             

g ( n ) is called the product Mobius transform of f ( n ) , and f ( n ) is called the inverse product Mobius transform of g ( n ) .

    [ Mobius transformation table ]

                                                          

g ( n )

f ( n )

d ( n )

                1

d ( n )

1

n

n

L ( n )

- log n

log n

L ( n )

 

 

Original text