§ 6 Algebraic Numbers

 

    [ Algebraic Numbers ]   If q is an algebraic equation whose coefficients are rational numbers

The root of , then q is called an algebraic number . After general division , q satisfies an algebraic equation with rounded coefficients , so an algebraic number can also be defined as "the root of an algebraic equation with rounded coefficients ".

    If f ( x ) is an irreducible polynomial in the field of rational numbers , and , then q is called an algebraic number of degree n . Obviously , an algebraic number of first degree is a rational number .

    Algebraic numbers have the following properties :

    1 ° The sum, difference, product, and quotient of two algebraic numbers ( with non-zero division ) are still algebraic numbers . 

    The roots of algebraic equations whose coefficients are algebraic numbers are still algebraic numbers . 

    [ Algebraic Integer ]   If q is the root of an n -th degree irreducible algebraic equation in which one coefficient is 1 and the other coefficients are rational integers , then q is called an n -th degree algebraic integer .

    Algebraic integers have the following properties :

    If the 1 ° algebraic integer is a rational number ( that is, a first-order algebraic integer ), it must be a rational integer . 

    2 ° The sum, difference and product of two algebraic integers are still algebraic integers . 

    3 ° The first coefficient is 1, and the roots of the algebraic equations whose other coefficients are algebraic integers are still algebraic integers . 

    4 ° If q is an algebraic number , it satisfies the rational integer coefficient equation 

is an algebraic integer .

    5 ° If q is an algebraic integer of degree n , then the power of q can be expressed as 

where i is a non-negative integer , all of which are rational integers .

    6 ° If q is an algebraic number of degree n , then the power of q satisfies the equation 

where i is a non-negative integer , which is a rational integer .

    [ Unit number ]   If both q and q are algebraic integers , then q is called a unit number .

    Unit numbers have the following properties :

    The necessary and sufficient conditions for 1 ° q to be a unit number are : q is the root of the rational integer coefficient algebraic equation whose leading term is 1 and the constant term is 1 . 

    2 ° The leading coefficient and constant term are all unit numbers , and the roots of algebraic equations whose other coefficients are algebraic integers are unit numbers . 

    [ algebraic extension ]

    1 ° Single extension field , let q be an n -th algebraic number , then the form is   

 ( Coefficients are rational numbers )

The totality of the numbers constitutes a field . It is called the n -time single extension field obtained by adding q to the rational number field Q , denoted as Q ( q ). If , then Q ( q ) is the addition, subtraction, and multiplication of the algebraic number q . , the largest set of numbers produced by division ( divisor non-zero ) .

    2 ° Finite extended field The field generated by the addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of a finite number of algebraic numbers ( the divisor is not zero ) is called the finite extended field on Q , denoted as   

K = Q ( )

    A finite extension field must be a single extension field , that is, there is an algebraic number q such that

Q ( ) = Q ( q )

The degree of q is called the degreeof the finite extended field Q ().

    [ Conjugate number ]   Let q be an algebraic number of degree n , and q satisfies an irreducible polynomial of degree n on the rational number field  

Note , and set the other n - 1 roots of the polynomial , then it is called the conjugate root of q .

    Any algebraic number a Q ( q ), then a can be uniquely represented as

                              (1)

where is a rational number . Remember , then

          

is called the conjugate number of a .

    [ Trace and Moment of Algebraic Numbers ]   Let a K = Q ( q ), note , let it be the conjugate number of a , then respectively call

is the trace and moment of the algebraic number a , which is defined as formula (1) .

    Note that the trace and moment here are for the field K , and the moment is also called the norm . Another definition of them is: Let the minimal polynomial of a ( the lowest degree irreducible multinomial with a as the root ) be      

    order , then

    Traces and moments have the following properties :

    1 ° If a is an algebraic number , then the trace and moment of a are rational numbers . 

    2 ° If a is an algebraic integer , then the trace and moment of a are rational integers . If a is a non-zero algebraic integer , then .

    The necessary and sufficient conditions for the 3 ° algebraic integer a to be a unit number are : . 

    4 ° S ( a + b ) = S ( a ) + S ( b )                      

                                     N ( a b ) = N ( a ) N ( b )

    [ Basics and whole bases of algebraic number fields ]

    1 ° basis Let K be an n -th algebraic extension field , which is a set of algebraic numbers in K. If any algebraic number g in K can be uniquely represented as   

is a rational number in the formula , then it is called a set of basis of K. Obviously , it is linearly independent in the rational number field .

    The necessary and sufficient conditions for being a set of bases of domain K are :

where is the conjugate number , j= .

    If K=Q ( q ), then it is a set of basis of K.

    2 ° Integer base Let K be an n -th algebraic extension field , a set of algebraic integers in K , if any algebraic integer g in K can be uniquely represented as   

where is a rational integer , it is called a set of integral bases of K.

    If a group uses

is the smallest algebraic integer , then this set is a set of integral bases .

    [ Quadratic field ]   Let D be a rational integer without square factor . Then Q ( ) is a quadratic field . Any algebraic number in Q ( ) can be expressed as

where a and b are both rational numbers .

    Let D be a rational integer with no square factor .

Then 1, w are a set of integral bases of the quadratic field Q ( ) .

    In general , the n -th field Q may not necessarily be able to find the algebraic integer w , so that

a set of integral bases that form Q ( q ) .

    [ Gaussian field ]   Let Q ( i ) be called the Gaussian field , which is a quadratic field .

    Any number in the Gaussian domain can be expressed as

In the formula, a and b are both rational numbers . When both a and b are rational integers , a+bi is called a Gaussian integer .

    The Gaussian field has four unit numbers : , all of which have moments of 1.

    [ Cycloidal field ]   Let m be a positive integer , and the field S formed by adding all the roots of the polynomial to Q is called the m -th degree unit root on Q.

    There is anm-order primitive unit root q in S ( q isa root,but nota root(n<m), and q iscalledm-order primitive unit root),so thatS = Q( q ),and the A set of bottoms.

    If q is an m -th primitive unit root , so that it is also an m -th primitive unit root , there are ( m ) in total , where ( m ) is the Euler function .

    [ decomposition theorem ]

    1 ° Divisibility If a and b are two algebraic integers , when they are still algebraic integers , then b is said to be divisible by a , denoted as . At this time, a is said to be a multiple of b , and b is a factor of a .   

    2 ° Associativity If two algebraic integers a and b differ only by a single factor , then a and b are said to be associative .   

    Obviously :   (i)   a combines with a ; (ii) if a combines with b , then b combines with a ; (iii) if a combines with b , and b combines with g , then a and g combine Combine .   

    3 ° Indecomposable If the algebraic integer a in K has two other algebraic integers b, gK , and neither of them is a single number , such that   

a = b g

Then a is said to be decomposable in the field K , otherwise it is said to be non-decomposable .

    4 ° Decomposition Theorem Any algebraic integer in K can be decomposed into the product of non-decomposable algebraic integers .   

    If this decomposition is unique regardless of order and associativity , it is called unique decomposition .

    The unique decomposition theorem of the Gaussian field holds .

    The unique decomposition theorem in the quadratic domain holds , it is now known that there are

Q ( ), D = 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 13, 17, 21, 29   , etc.

   Not all unique factorization theorems of quadratic fields hold , for example , the unique factorization theorem of Q ( ) does not hold :

 



* Rational integers are integers in the usual sense,which are here to distinguish them from algebraic integers.

Original text